The thermal structure of mantle plumes: axisymmetric or triple‐junction?

SUMMARY A mantle plume is probably a complex 3‐D thermal structure that possesses approximate axisymmetry as it approaches the base of the lithosphere from below, but followed down towards the base of the layer, probably consists of a triple‐junction or quadruple‐junction of connected hot sheets. A relatively weak hot sheet rising only part way through the layer probably connects two neighbouring mantle plumes. These conclusions are suggested by numerical experiments on a 3‐D constant‐viscosity, plane layer with stress‐free boundaries, which detail the gradational change in the planform of a convecting layer from the top of the layer to its base. the planform of a convecting layer is a map in the horizontal plane of the principal thermal anomalies in the layer. These anomalies are the main sources of positive (for hot fluid) or negative (for cold fluid) buoyancy, and therefore they drive the convective flow. They may appear in cross‐section as structures with either axial symmetry (columns), planar symmetry (sheets) or some complex asymmetric form. When convection is driven at least partially by basal heating, the planform near the top of the layer may be described as a network of cold sinking sheets and isolated hot columns, while near the base of the layer it appears as a network of hot rising sheets and isolated cold columns. the hot columns near the upper surface arise from the vertices or nodes of the network of hot sheets on the lower surface, and similarly the cold columns at the base of the layer form below the vertices of the network of cold sheets near the upper surface. Near the upper surface, the apparent planform of this experiment is analogous to that of mantle convection, the cold sheets compared to subduction zones and the hot columns compared to mantle plumes. the hot plumes impinging on the upper surface produce approximately axisymmetric temperature anomalies, surface uplift and extensional stress fields. However, the relatively minor deviations from axisymmetry of surface observables reflect the deep structure of the mantle plume, formed by the junction of three or four hot sheets on the base of the layer. It seems likely that the commonly occurring triple‐junction form of continental rifts may reflect an underlying structure that is implicit in the convective circulation of the mantle beneath.