An X‐radiographic and SEM study of the osseous inner ear of multituberculates and monotremes (Mammalia): implications for mammalian phylogeny and evolution of hearing

Multituberculate petrosals with well‐preserved, three‐dimensional internal anatomy from the Late Cretaceous/early Paleocene Bug Creek Anthills, Montana, U.S.A., are described from X‐radiographic and SEM images, as well as from conventional visual observations, and are compared with the anatomy of the osseous inner ear in monotremes and in primitive non‐therian and therian mammals. Results of this study indicate that: (1) the cochlea of at least some multituberculates retained a lagena, previously known only in monotremes among mammals; (2) an enlarged vestibule evolved in several lineages of multituberculates independently, and hence is not a synapomorphy of the order; (3) the cochlear canal lacks osseous laminae in support of the short, wide basilar membrane, which was probably inefficient in responding to high‐frequency airborne vibrations; and (4) consequently, bone‐conducted hearing in some multituberculate species may have been important in interpretation of their surroundings. Comparisons with the inner ear of monotremes and primitive therians indicate that curvature of the cochlea and cribriform plates for passage of vestibulocochlear nerve branches through the petrosal are unlikely homologues between monotremes and therians. From non‐therian to therian mammals, there is a distinct morphological gap in the inner ear transition, characterized by acquisition of a number of neomorphs in the therian inner ear; an intermediate stage has yet to be discovered.