Open AccessHIV – M ycobacterium tuberculosis co‐infection: a ‘danger‐couple model’ of disease pathogenesis
Author(s) -
Shankar Esaki M.,
Vignesh Ramachandran,
Ellegård Rada,
Barathan Muttiah,
Chong Yee K.,
Bador M. Kahar,
Rukumani Devi V.,
Sabet Negar S.,
Kamarulzaman Adeeba,
Velu Vijayakumar,
Larsson Marie
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
pathogens and disease
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.983
H-Index - 105
ISSN - 2049-632X
DOI - 10.1111/2049-632x.12108
Subject(s) - tuberculosis , mycobacterium tuberculosis , immunology , medicine , disease , exacerbation , infectious disease (medical specialty) , pathogenesis , immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome , virology , immune system , human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) , viral load , antiretroviral therapy , pathology
Tuberculosis ( TB ) and human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection interfere and impact the pathogenesis phenomena of each other. Owing to atypical clinical presentations and diagnostic complications, HIV / TB co‐infection continues to be a menace for healthcare providers. Although the increased access to highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) has led to a reduction in HIV ‐associated opportunistic infections and mortality, the concurrent management of HIV / TB co‐infection remains a challenge owing to adverse effects, complex drug interactions, overlapping toxicities and tuberculosis ‐associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Several hypotheses have been put forward for the exacerbation of tuberculosis by HIV and vice versa supported by immunological studies. Discussion on the mechanisms produced by infectious cofactors with impact on disease pathology could shed light on how to design potential interventions that could decelerate disease progression. With no vaccine for HIV and lack of an effective vaccine for tuberculosis, it is essential to design strategies against HIV – TB co‐infection.