Single-RF MIMO: From Spatial Modulation to Metasurface-Based Modulation

In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, multiple radio frequency (RF) chains are usually required to simultaneously transmit multiple data streams. As a special MIMO technology, spatial modulation (SM) activates one transmit antenna by requiring one RF chain and exploits the index of the active antenna for information transfer at each time slot. Recently, reconfigurable metasurfaces have emerged as a promising technology that is able to reconfigure the wireless propagation environment by altering the amplitude and/or phase of the incident signal. In this article, we aim for the implementation of single-RF MIMO by shifting the focus from SM to metasurface-based modulation. Specifically, the principles of SM and metasurfaces are first presented. After reviewing the evolution of SM, we elaborate on the idea of metasurface-aided single-RF MIMO and discuss some implementations for it in line with notable variants of SM. A comparison between antenna-based and meta-surface-based modulation is made to highlight the advantages of using metasurfaces. We finally investigate the research challenges and opportunities in the context of metasurface-based modulation.