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Differential permittivity sensors based on a pair of uncoupled microstrip lines, each one loaded with an open complementary split ring resonator (OCSRR), are proposed in this paper. The sensing principle is based on the measurement of the cross-mode insertion loss, very sensitive to asymmetric loading. Thus, by loading one of the OCSRRs with the reference sample, and the other one with the sample under test (SUT), the difference in the complex permittivity between both samples generates an asymmetry that gives rise to mode conversion. From the measurement of the cross-mode transmission coefficient, the dielectric properties of the SUT can be determined, provided those of the reference sample are well known. It is shown that by adding fluidic channels on top of the OCSRRs, the proposed sensor is useful for the measurement of the complex dielectric constant of liquids, and experimental results in mixtures of ethanol and deionized (DI) water and methanol in DI water, as a function of the ethanol/methanol content, are provided. Due to the high sensitivity of the proposed differential sensor to detect small perturbations (asymmetries), the structure is also of interest for the accurate measurement of solute concentrations in liquid solutions. In this paper, the structure is applied to monitor sodium content in aqueous solutions, and it is found that sodium concentrations as small as 0.25 g/L can be resolved.

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Highly-Sensitive Microwave Sensors Based on Open Complementary Split Ring Resonators (OCSRRs) for Dielectric Characterization and Solute Concentration Measurement in Liquids