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This paper investigates distributed algorithms for joint power allocation and user association in heterogeneous networks. We propose auction-based algorithms for offloading macrocell users (<italic>MUs</italic>) from the macrocell base station to privately owned small-cell access points (SCAs). We first propose a simultaneous multiple-round ascending auction (SMRA) for allocating <italic>MUs</italic> to SCAs. Taking into account the overheads incurred by SCAs during valuation in the SMRA, further improvements are proposed using techniques known as sub-optimal altered SMRA, the combinatorial auction with item bidding (CAIB), and its variations; the sequential CAIB and the repetitive CAIB. The proof for existence of the Walrasian equilibrium is demonstrated through establishing that the valuation function used by the SCAs is a gross substitute. Finally, we show that truthful bidding is individual rational for all of our proposed algorithms.

Network Capacity Enhancement in HetNets Using Incentivized Offloading Mechanism