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By comparing the effects of strong and weak promoters that drive sense chalcone synthase (Chs) transgenes in large populations of independently transformed plants, we show here that a strong transgene promoter is required for high-frequency cosuppression of Chs genes and for production of the full range of cosuppression phenotypes. In addition, sense Chs transgenes driven by a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter possessing a single copy of the upstream activator region (UAR) were found to produce a significantly lower degree of cosuppression than they did when the transgene promoter possessed two or four copies of the UAR. It has been shown elsewhere that 35S promoter strength increases with increasing UAR copy number. Frameshift mutations producing early nonsense codons in the Chs transgene were found to reduce the frequency and the degree of cosuppression. These results suggest that promoter strength and transcript stability determine the degree of cosuppression, supporting the hypothesis that sense cosuppression is a response to the accumulation of transcripts at high concentrations. This conclusion was shown to apply to single-copy transgenes but not necessarily to inversely repeated transgenes. The results presented here also have significance for efficient engineering of cosuppression phenotypes for use in research and agriculture.

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The Frequency and Degree of Cosuppression by Sense Chalcone Synthase Transgenes Are Dependent on Transgene Promoter Strength and Are Reduced by Premature Nonsense Codons in the Transgene Coding Sequence.