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The avrPto gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato triggers race-specific resistance in tomato plants carrying Pto, a resistance gene encoding a protein kinase. When introduced into P. s. tabaci, avrPto triggers resistance in tobacco W38 plants that carry the corresponding R gene. The AvrPto protein is believed to be secreted into host cells through the bacterial type III secretion pathway, where it activates disease resistance in tomato by interacting with Pto. We report here the identification of two distinct regions in AvrPto that determine the recognition specificity of this protein in tomato and tobacco. Point mutations in the central region disrupted the avirulence activity in tomato but not in tobacco. Conversely, point mutations in the C-terminal region abolished the avirulence in tobacco but not in tomato. We further report that AvrPto was localized to the plasma membrane of plant cells. Disrupting the membrane association by mutating a putative myristoylation motif of AvrPto abolished the avirulence activity in both tomato and tobacco. These findings demonstrate that AvrPto is recognized differently by the R genes in tomato and tobacco and that the recognition of AvrPto probably is associated with the plasma membrane.

The Pseudomonas AvrPto Protein Is Differentially Recognized by Tomato and Tobacco and Is Localized to the Plant Plasma Membrane