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There have been numerous recent reports documenting phosphorylation of DNA-binding proteins [Montminy and Bilezikjian (1987); Sorger, Lewis, and Pelham (1987); Hoeffler, Kovelman, and Roeder (1988); Jones et al. (1988); Prywes et al. (1988); Sorger and Pelham (1988); Yamamoto et al. (1988)], and the transcriptional regulatory activity of at least one of these proteins appears to be modulated by this modification [Montminy and Bilezikjian (1987); Yamamoto et al. (1988)]. We report here on a plant nuclear protein, the DNA-binding activity of which is strongly affected by phosphorylation. This protein, AT-1, binds to specific AT-rich elements (the AT-1 box) within promoters of certain nuclear genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the polypeptide components of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex. A consensus sequence of AATAATT was derived for the AT-1 box. We demonstrate that the DNA-binding ability of AT-1, from nuclear extracts of pea, can be reversibly modulated by phosphorylation. AT-1 is active in the nonphosphorylated form and loses all DNA-binding ability as a result of phosphorylation. The kinase that phosphorylates AT-1 uses both Mg-ATP and Mg-GTP as a substrate and is inhibited by heparin and spermine, indicative of an NII-type casein kinase.

Binding of a pea nuclear protein to promoters of certain photoregulated genes is modulated by phosphorylation.