Effects of Quantum Flux Density on Photosynthesis and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Tissue-Cultured Plantlets and Seedlings of Liquidambar styraciflua L. towards Improved Acclimatization and Field Survival

Liquidambar styraciflua L. seedlings and tissue-cultured plantlets were grown under high, medium, or low (315, 155, or 50 microeinsteins per square meter per second photosynthetically active radiation) quantum flux densities. Net photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure of leaves differentiated from these conditions were investigated. Seedling photosynthetic rates at light saturation were positively related to light pretreatments, being 6.44, 4.73, and 2.75 milligrams CO(2) per square decimeter per hour for high, medium, and low light, respectively. Cultured plantlets under all light conditions had appreciably higher photosynthetic rates than noncultured seedlings; corresponding rates were 12.14, 13.55, and 11.36 milligrams CO(2) per square decimeter per hour. Chlorophyll in seedlings and plantlets was significantly higher in low light-treated plants. Seedling leaves had chloroplasts with abundant starch regardless of light pretreatment. In high light, starch granules were predominant and associated with disrupted granal structure. Low light seedling chloroplasts had smaller starch grains and well-formed grana. In contrast, tissue culture-differentiated leaves were devoid of starch; grana were well organized in higher quantum flux density treatments, but disorganized at low flux densities.