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The prospect that Ca(2+) promotes senescence by activating calmodulin has been examined using cut pea (Pisum sativum co Alaska) foliage as a model system. Senescence was induced by severing 17-day-old plants from their roots and maintaining them in aqueous test solutions in the dark for an additional 4 days. Treatment of the foliage with the Ca(2+) ionophore (A23187) during the senescence-induction period promoted a lateral phase separation of the bulk lipids in microsomal membranes indicating that internalization of Ca(2+) facilitates membrane deterioration. In addition, microsomal membranes from ionophore-treated tissue displayed an increased capacity to convert 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene and an increased propensity to produce the superoxide anion (O(2) (tau)). Treatment of the tissue with fluphenazine during the senescence-induction period, which prevents binding of the Ca:Calmodulin complex to enzymes, delayed membrane deterioration as measured by these criteria. It also proved possible to simulate these in situ effects of the Ca(2+) ionophore on ethylene production and O(2) (tau) formation by treating microsomal membranes isolated from young tissue with phospholipase A(2) in the presence of Ca(2+) and calmodulin, and these effects of phospholipase A(2) and Ca:calmodulin were inhibited by calmodulin antagonists. The observations collectively suggest that internalized Ca(2+) promotes senescence by activating calmodulin, which in turn mediates the action of phospholipase A(2) on membranes.

Involvement of Calcium and Calmodulin in Membrane Deterioration during Senescence of Pea Foliage