Immobilized Thylakoids in a Cross-Linked Albumin Matrix

Immobilization of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) thylakoids has been performed by using glutaraldehyde and bovine serum albumin. Confirming previous reports, a stabilization of the O(2) evolution activity of the photosystem II (PSII) under storage and functional conditions has been observed. The present work is devoted to the role played by mono-and divalent cations, during the immobilization process itself, on the O(2) production. Four types of measurements have been employed: kinetic measurements, low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission, photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, and electron microscopy observations. We show that the effect of glutaraldehyde is complex because it acts as an inhibitor, a stabilizing agent, and a cross-linking reactive. In the present studies, the thylakoids are immobilized within a polymeric insoluble albumin matrix. The highest activity yield and the best storage conditions are obtained when 0.15 mm Na(+) (or K(+)), 1 mm Mg(2+), and 0.1 mm Mn(2+) are present in the resuspending media before the immobilization. Due to modifications of the ionic content during such a process, structural differences are observed on the stacking degree of thylakoids. No modification of the fluorescence and PA spectra after the immobilization are found. Furthermore, a correlation between activities and spectral changes have been shown: when the activities increase, the F(735) to F(695) ratio increases and the PA(676) to PA(440) ratio decreases.