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Most rhizobial hemA mutants induce root nodules on their respective legume hosts that lack nitrogen fixation activity and leghemoglobin expression. However, a Bradyrhizobium japonicum hemA mutant elicits effective nodules on soybean, and we proposed previously that synthesis and uptake of the heme precursor [delta]-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) by the plant and bacterial symbiont, respectively, allow mutant rescue (I. Sangwan, M.R. O'Brian [1991] Science 251: 1220-1222). In the present work, the B. japonicum hemA mutant MLG1 elicited normal nodules on three hosts, including cowpea, a plant that is not effectively nodulated by a hemA mutant of Rhizobium sp. These data indicate that B. japonicum rather than soybean possesses the unique trait that allows normal nodule development by a hemA mutant. Cowpea expressed glutamate-dependent ALA formation activity in nodules induced by B. japonicum strains I110 or MLG1 and by Rhizobium sp. ANU240. Exogenous ALA was taken up by B. japonicum bacteroids isolated from soybean or cowpea nodules, and the kinetics of uptake were biphasic. By comparison, Rhizobium sp. ANU240 had very low ALA uptake activity. In addition, ALA uptake was observed in cultured cells of B. japonicum but not in cultured cells of three other rhizobial species tested. We suggest that the differential success of legume-rhizobial hemA symbioses is due to an ALA uptake activity in B. japonicum that is deficient in other rhizobia, thereby further validating the ALA rescue hypothesis.

The Rhizobial hemA Gene Is Required for Symbiosis in Species with Deficient [delta]-Aminolevulinic Acid Uptake Activity