Maternal Effects Govern Variable Dominance of Two Abscisic Acid Response Mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana

Three abscisic acid (ABA)-controlled responses (seed dormancy, inhibition of germination by applied ABA, and stomatal closure) were compared in wild-type versus homo- and heterozygotes of two Arabidopsis thaliana ABA-insensitive mutants, abi1 and abi2. We found that sensitivity of seeds to applied ABA is partially maternally controlled but that seed dormancy is determined by the embryonic genotype. The effects of the abi1 and abi2 mutations on ABA sensitivity of seed germination ranged from recessive to nearly fully dominant, depending on the parental source of the mutant allele. This maternal effect disappeared during vegetative growth. Stomatal regulation in heterozygotes showed substantial variability, but the average water loss was intermediate between that of homozygous mutants and wild type.