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Our previous results indicated that 3-d-old dark-grown chilling-sensitive maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings did not survive 7 d of 4[deg]C chilling stress, but 69% of them survived similar stress when the seedlings were either preexposed to 14[deg]C for 3 d or pretreated with 0.1 mM H2O2 for 4 h at 27[deg]C (T.K. Prasad, M.D. Anderson, B.A. Martin, C.R. Stewart [1994] Plant Cell 6: 65-74) or 1 mM abscisic acid (ABA) for 24 h at 27[deg]C (M.D. Anderson, T.K. Prasad, B.A. Martin, C.R. Stewart [1994] Plant Physiol 105: 331-339). We discovered that chilling imposed oxidative stress on the seedlings. Since H2O2 accumulated during the periods of both acclimation and nonacclimation, we concluded that H2O2 had dual effects at low temperature: (a) During acclimation, its early transient accumulation signals the induction of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase 3 and peroxidase to scavenge H2O2; and (b) at 4[deg]C in nonacclimated seedlings, it accumulates to damaging levels in the tissues because of low levels of these and perhaps other antioxidant enzymes. Three-day-old seedlings pretreated with H2O2 (a mild oxidative stress) or ABA showed induced chilling tolerance. In the present study, we investigated whether mitochondria are a target for chilling-induced oxidative stress and, if so, what differences do acclimation, H2O2, or ABA make to protect mitochondria from irreversible chilling injury. The results indicated that chilling, in general, impairs respiratory activity, the cytochrome pathway of electron transport, and ATPase activity regardless of the treatment. In pretreated seedlings, the activities of catalase 3 and peroxidase in the mitochondria increased severalfold compared with control and nonacclimated seedlings. The increases in these antioxidant enzymes imply that mitochondria are under oxidative stress and such increases could initiate a protective mechanism in the mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiration is partially cyanide resistant during chilling stress and also after the 1st d of recovery. Upon further recovery over 3 d, in contrast to nonacclimated seedlings, the mitochondria of acclimation-, H2O2-, and ABA-treated seedlings showed the following recovery features. (a) The mitochondrial respiration changed from a cyanide-resistant to a cyanide-sensitive cytochrome pathway, (b) cytochrome oxidase activity recovered to control levels, (c) the ability of mitochondria to generate ATP was regained, and (d) the antioxidant enzyme activities remained at or above control levels. Based on these results, we conclude that chilling impairs mitochondrial function and that chilling-induced oxidative stress seems to be a factor, at least in part, for causing possible irreversible damage to the mitochondrial membrance components. Acclimation, H2O2, and ABA provide a protective mechanism by inducing antioxidant enzymes to protect mitochondria from irreversible oxidative damage that is absent in nonacclimated seedlings. Therefore, we conclude that the ability of the seedlings to recover from chilling injury is, at least in part, due to the ability of the mitochondria to resume normal function.

Acclimation, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Abscisic Acid Protect Mitochondria against Irreversible Chilling Injury in Maize Seedlings