Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales | Zendy

G. M. Wang | Zendy; E. M. Sevick | Zendy; Emil Mittag | Zendy; Debra J. Searles | Zendy; Denis J. Evans | Zendy

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Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Time Scales

Author(s) -

G. M. Wang,

E. M. Sevick,

Emil Mittag,

Debra J. Searles,

Denis J. Evans

Publication year - 2002

Publication title -

physical review letters

Language(s) - English

Resource type - Journals

SCImago Journal Rank - 3.688

H-Index - 673

eISSN - 1079-7114

pISSN - 0031-9007

DOI - 10.1103/physrevlett.89.050601

Subject(s) - trajectory , entropy (arrow of time) , entropy production , physics , second law of thermodynamics , fluctuation theorem , statistical physics , laws of thermodynamics , thermodynamics , colloid , classical mechanics , non equilibrium thermodynamics , chemistry , quantum mechanics

We experimentally demonstrate the fluctuation theorem, which predicts appreciable and measurable violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems over short time scales, by following the trajectory of a colloidal particle captured in an optical trap that is translated relative to surrounding water molecules. From each particle trajectory, we calculate the entropy production/consumption over the duration of the trajectory and determine the fraction of second law-defying trajectories. Our results show entropy consumption can occur over colloidal length and time scales.No Full Tex

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