Spin transport in as-grown and annealed thulium iron garnet/platinum bilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We characterize the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR), spin Seebeck effect (SSE), and dampinglike spin-orbit torque (SOT) in thulium iron garnet/platinum bilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy by using harmonic Hall effect measurements. By consecutive annealing steps followed by measurements on a single device, we reveal that the spin-dependent effects gradually decrease in amplitude as the annealing temperature increases. We attribute this behavior primarily to the changes in the spin-mixing conductance, which sensitively depends on the interface quality. However, further analysis demonstrates that although the SSE scales closely with the SMR, the dampinglike SOT shows a significantly different trend upon annealing, contrary to theoretical expectations. By comparing the dampinglike SOT with the field-induced Hall effect, we found evidence that scattering from Fe impurities in the Pt at the interface might be responsible for the distinct annealing temperature dependence of the dampinglike SOT.Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftUnited States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (C-SPIN, a SRC STARnet Center)Microelectronics Advanced Research Corporation (MARCO) (C-SPIN, a SRC STARnet Center