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Lasting memories are likely to result from a lasting change in neurotransmission. In the nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans , spaced training with a tap stimulus induces habituation to the tap that lasts for &gt;24 h and is dependent on glutamate transmission, postsynaptic AMPA receptors, and CREB. Here we describe a distinct, presynaptic mechanism for a shorter lasting memory for tap habituation induced by massed training. We report that a FMRFamide-related peptide (FMRF = Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH 2 ), FLP-20, is critical for memory lasting 12 h following massed training, but is not required for other forms of memory. Massed training correlated with a  flp-20 -dependent increase in synaptobrevin tagged with green fluorescent protein in the presynaptic terminals of the PLM mechanosensory neurons that followed the timeline of the memory trace. We also demonstrated that  flp-20  is required specifically in the mechanosensory neurons for memory 12 h after massed training. These findings show that within the same species and form of learning, memory is induced by distinct mechanisms to create a lasting alteration in neurotransmission that is dependent upon the temporal pattern of training: memory of spaced training results from postsynaptic changes in the interneurons of the neural circuit, whereas memory of massed training results from presynaptic changes in the mechanosensory neurons of the neural circuit.

The FMRFamide-related neuropeptide FLP-20 is required in the mechanosensory neurons during memory for massed training in C. elegans