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. Mature neutrophils have a short life-span. The mechanisms involved in regulating neutrophil apoptosis are inadequately understood, although significant effects are exerted by factors in the local inflammatory environment. For instance, it has been reported that neutrophil apoptosis is delayed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) but is accelerated by Fas ligand (FasL) (1). Neutrophil apoptosis is essential for resolution of inflammatory reactions (2), however only limited information exists regarding the involvement of protein phosphorylation events in the regulation of human neutrophil apoptosis. Therefore, we have studied the role of p38 MAPK and PI 3-K in Fas (CD 95)-mediated apoptosis. METHOD. Neutrophils were isolated from whole blood (drawn from healthy volunteers). Apoptosis was measured by analysis of nuclear morphology (acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining), annexin V-binding (flow cytometry), and caspase-8 and –3 activity (fluorometric assay). p38 MAP Kinase activity was measured by in vitro assay (using ATF2 as a substrate) and by western blot studies of neutrophil cell lysates (using anti-active p38 polyclonal IgG). PI 3-K activity was determined in vitro (using phosphatidylinositol as a substrate) and by western blots showing accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 in the membrane fraction of the cells. Akt activation was determined by western blot (using antiphospho Akt polyclonal IgG). We used western blot studies for showing Rac2 translocation to the membrane fraction of the cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. We discovered a previously undetected early and transient inhibition of the activity of p38 MAPK during neutrophil apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of this enzyme (SB203580) augmented Fas-induced activation of caspases and the apoptotic response. The early inhibition of p38 MAPK was also concurrent with activation of PI 3-K, inhibition of which reduced apoptosis, thus supporting a role of PI3K as a proapoptotic-signaling molecule. This suggests that the p38 MAPK signals survival in neutrophils and that apoptosis is initiated during inhibition of this signal. This concept is strengthened by our findings that caspase-3 activity was initiated during the inhibition of p38 MAPK and that a transient inhibition of this kinase also accompanied spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis. Addition of GM-CSF abolished the transient inhibition of p38 MAPK activity, supporting the concept that the inhibition is a permissive event in apoptosis of isolated human neutrophils.

Fas-Induced Apoptosis of Human Neutrophils is Promoted by Phosphatidyl Inositol 3-Kinase but Suppressed by P38-MAPK Activity