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Atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the surface ultrastructure, adhesive properties and biofilm formation of Rhizobium leguminosarum and a ctpA mutant strain. The surface ultrastructure of wild-type R. leguminosarum consists of tightly packed surface subunits, whereas the ctpA mutant has much larger subunits with loose lateral packing. The ctpA mutant strain is not capable of developing fully mature biofilms, consistent with its altered surface ultrastructure, greater roughness and stronger adhesion to hydrophilic surfaces. For both strains, surface roughness and adhesive forces increased as a function of calcium ion concentration, and for each, biofilms were thicker at higher calcium concentrations.

Atomic force microscopy of a ctpA mutant in Rhizobium leguminosarum reveals surface defects linking CtpA function to biofilm formation