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The flagellar system in Escherichia coli K12 is expressed under the control of the flhDC-encoded master regulator FlhDC. Transposition of insertion sequence (IS) elements to the upstream flhDC promoter region up-regulates transcription of this operon, resulting in a more rapid motility. Wang and Wood (ISME J 2011;5:1517-1525) provided evidence that insertion of IS5 into upstream activating sites occurs at higher rates in semi-solid agar media in which swarming behaviour is allowed as compared with liquid or solid media where swarming cannot occur. We confirm this conclusion and show that three IS elements, IS1, IS3 and IS5, transpose to multiple upstream sites within a 370 bp region of the flhDC operon control region. Hot spots for IS insertion correlate with positions of stress-induced DNA duplex destabilization (SIDD). We show that IS insertion occurs at maximal rates in 0.24 % agar, with rates decreasing dramatically with increasing or decreasing agar concentrations. In mixed cultures, we show that these mutations preferentially arise from the wild-type parent at frequencies of up to 3×10-3 cell-1 day-1 when the inoculated parental and co-existing IS-activated mutant cells are entering the stationary growth phase. We rigorously show that the apparent increased mutation frequencies cannot be accounted for by increased swimming or by increased growth under the selective conditions used. Thus, our data are consistent with the possibility that appropriate environmental conditions, namely those that permit but hinder flagellar rotation, result in the activation of a mutational pathway that involves IS element insertion upstream of the flhDC operon.

Environment-directed activation of the Escherichia coli flhDC operon by transposons