Rubellimicrobium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov., a red-pigmented, moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from coloured slime deposits in paper machines

Six red-pigmented strains of the Alphaproteobacteria with optimal growth between 45 and 54 degrees C were previously isolated from coloured biofilms in two fine-paper machines and one pulp dryer. The strains were found to be resistant to 15 p.p.m. 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, a common industrial biocide. 16S RNA gene sequence similarity of the isolates was 99.7-100 %. Ribotyping using the restriction enzymes PvuII and EcoRI showed that four of the isolates (C-lvk-R2A-1, C-lvk-R2A-2(T), C-R2A-52d and C-R2A-5d) belong to a single species. 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that, together with Rhodobacter blasticus ATCC 33485(T), the isolates form a deep line of descent (94.7-94.9 % sequence similarity) within the family Rhodobacteraceae loosely affiliated with the Rhodobacter/Paracoccus clade. The isolates were strictly aerobic and oxidase-positive (catalase was weakly positive) and utilized a wide range of substrates including pentoses, hexoses, oligosaccharides and sugar alcohols. The predominant constituents in their cellular fatty acid profiles were C(19 : 0) cyclo omega8c (39-44 %), C(18 : 0) (21-24 %) and C(16 : 0) (21-23 %). Fatty acids present in smaller amounts included C(18 : 1)omega7c, C(10 : 0) 3-OH, C(18 : 1)omega7c 11-methyl, C(20 : 2)omega6,9c and C(17 : 0) cyclo, amongst others. Polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified aminolipid, but not phosphatidylethanolamine. Carotenoid pigments were synthesized but bacteriochlorophyll a was not. The polyamine patterns consisted of the major compounds putrescine, spermidine and sym-homospermidine. The major respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone Q-10. The DNA G+C content was 69.4-70.2 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, the biofilm isolates were classified in a new genus, Rubellimicrobium gen. nov.; four of the isolates are assigned to the type species, Rubellimicrobium thermophilum gen. nov., sp. nov. Strain C-lvk-R2A-2(T) (=CCUG 51817(T) = DSM 16684(T) = HAMBI 2421(T)) is the type strain of Rubellimicrobium thermophilum.