Thermoelectric power generation: from new materials to devices

Thermoelectric technology offers the opportunity of direct conversion between heat and electricity, and new and exciting materials that can enable this technology to deliver higher efficiencies have been developed in recent years. This mini-review covers the most promising advances in thermoelectric materials as they pertain to their potential in being implemented in devices and modules with an emphasis on thermoelectric power generation. Classified into three groups in terms of their operating temperature, the thermoelectric materials that are most likely to be used in future devices are briefly discussed. We summarize the state-of-the-art thermoelectric modules/devices, among which nanostructured PbTe modules are particularly highlighted. At the end, key issues and the possible strategies that can help thermoelectric power generation technology move forward are considered. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Energy materials for a low carbon future’.