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Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are among the most important causes of production loss in farmed ruminants, and anthelmintic resistance is emerging globally. We hypothesized that wild deer could potentially act as reservoirs of anthelmintic-resistant GI nematodes between livestock farms. Adult abomasal nematodes and faecal samples were collected from fallow ( n  = 24), red ( n  = 14) and roe deer ( n  = 10) from venison farms and areas of extensive or intensive livestock farming. Principal components analysis of abomasal nematode species composition revealed differences between wild roe deer grazing in the areas of intensive livestock farming, and fallow and red deer in all environments. Alleles for benzimidazole (BZ) resistance were identified in  β-tubulin  of  Haemonchus contortus  of roe deer and phenotypic resistance confirmed  in vitro  by an egg hatch test (EC 50  = 0.149 µg ml −1  ± 0.13 µg ml −1 ) on  H. contortus  eggs from experimentally infected sheep. This BZ-resistant  H. contortus  isolate also infected a calf experimentally. We present the first account of  in vitro  BZ resistance in wild roe deer, but further experiments should firmly establish the presence of phenotypic BZ resistance  in vivo.  Comprehensive in-field studies should assess whether nematode cross-transmission between deer and livestock occurs and contributes, in any way, to the development of resistance on livestock farms.

Wild deer as potential vectors of anthelmintic-resistant abomasal nematodes between cattle and sheep farms