English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

For decades, the effect of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) on gas transfer velocity ( k ) has been recognized; however, it has not been quantified under natural conditions due to missing coherent data on  in situ k  of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and characterization of the SML. Moreover, a sea-surface phenomenon of wave-dampening, known as slicks, has been observed frequently in the ocean and potentially reduces the transfer of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the effect of natural surfactant and slicks on the  in situ k  of CO 2 . A catamaran, Sea Surface Scanner (S 3 ), was deployed to sample the SML and corresponding underlying water, and a drifting buoy with a floating chamber was deployed to measure the  in situ k  of CO 2 . We found a significant 23% reduction of  k  above surfactant concentrations of 200 µg Teq l −1 , which were common in the SML except for the Western Pacific. We conclude that an error of approximately 20% in CO 2  fluxes for the Western Pacific is induced by applying wind-based parametrization not developed in low surfactant regimes. Furthermore, we observed an additional 62% reduction in natural slicks, reducing global CO 2  fluxes by 19% considering known frequency of slick coverage. From our observation, we identified surfactant concentrations with two different end-members which lead to an error in global CO 2  flux estimation if ignored.

Global reduction of in situ CO 2 transfer velocity by natural surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer

Global reduction of in situ CO ₂ transfer velocity by natural surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer