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Heterogeneous continuous transformation of methyl levulinate (ML) and ethyl levulinate (EL) to  γ -valerolactone (GVL), as a promising C 5 -platform molecule was studied at 100°C. It was proved that the H-Cube ®  continuous hydrogenation system equipped with 5% Ru/C CatCart ®  is suitable for the reduction of both levulinate esters. While excellent conversion rates (greater than 99.9%) of ML and EL could be achieved in water and corresponding alcohols, the selectivities of GVL were primarily affected by the solvent used. In water, 100% conversion and  ca  50% selectivity that represent  ca  0.45 mol GVL  g metal  −1  h −1  productivity towards GVL, were obtained under 100 bar of total system pressure. The application of alcohols as a solvent, which maintained high conversion rates up to 1 ml min –1  flow rate, resulted in lower productivities (less than 0.2 mol GVL  g metal  −1  h −1 ) of GVL. Therefore, from a synthesis point of view, the corresponding 4-hydroxyvalerate esters could be obtained even at a higher reaction rate. The addition of sulfonated triphenylphosphine ligand (TPPTS) allowed reduction of the system pressure and resulted in the higher selectivity towards GVL.

Continuous flow hydrogenation of methyl and ethyl levulinate: an alternative route to γ -valerolactone production