Collembola interact with mycorrhizal fungi in modifying oak morphology, C and N incorporation and transcriptomics

Soil detritivores such as Collembola impact plant growth, tissue nutrient concentration and gene expression. Using a model system with pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ) microcuttings that display a typical endogenous rhythmic growth with alternating shoot (SF) and root flushes (RF), we investigated the transcriptomic response of oak with and without mycorrhiza ( Piloderma croceum ) to the presence of Collembola ( Protaphorura armata ), and linked it to changes in resource allocation by pulse labelling the plants with 13 C and 15 N. Collembola impacted Gene Ontology (GO) terms as well as plant morphology and elemental ratios with the effects varying markedly with developmental phases. During SF Collembola increased GO terms related to primary growth and this was mirrored in increased 13 C and 15 N excess in aboveground plant compartments. During RF, Collembola increased GO terms related to plant secondary metabolism and physical fortification. Further, Collembola presence resulted in an increase in plant defence-related GO terms suggesting that Collembola in the rhizosphere prime oak shoots against the attack by fungi or herbivores. Notably, the impact of Collembola on growth, resource allocation and oak gene expression was modified by presence of P. croceum . The results indicate that oaks clearly react to the presence of Collembola in the rhizosphere and respond in a complex way by changing the expression of genes of both primary and secondary metabolism, and this resulted in concomitant changes in plant morphology and physiology.