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NADPH oxidases (NOXs) have been known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs) in plants. To characterize the evolutionary relationships and functions of RBOHs in  Brassica rapa , 134  RBOH  homologues were identified from 13 plant species, including 14 members (namely  BrRBOH01 – 14 ) from  B. rapa . There presented 47 gene-pairs among 14  BrRBOH s and other  RBOH s, consisting of five pairs within  B. rapa , and 15 pairs between  B. rapa  and  Arabidopsis thaliana . Together with phylogenetic analysis, the results suggested that whole-genome duplication might have played an important role in  BrRBOH  gene expansion, and these duplication events occurred after the divergence of the eudicot and the monocot lineages examined. Furthermore, gene expression of  RBOH s in both  A. thaliana  and  B. rapa  were assayed via qRT–PCR. An RBOH gene,  BrRBOH13  in  B. rapa , was transformed into wild-type  Arabidopsis  plants. The transgenic lines with the overexpressed level of  BrRBOH13  conferred to be more tolerant to heavy metal lead (0.05 mM) than wild-type plants. Overall, this integrated analysis at genome-wide level has provided some information on the evolutionary relationships among plant-specific NOXs and the coordinated diversification of gene structure and function in  B. rapa .

Evolutionary and functional analysis of the plant-specific NADPH oxidase gene family in Brassica rapa L.