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The volatile compounds from various parts of  Echinops ilicifolius  (Compositae) such as flowers, leaves and roots obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) methods were subsequently analysed by GC and GC/MS and compared. Thirty-seven and 20 components of the flower of  E. ilicifolius  were characterized, representing 99.7% and 100.0% of the total compositions using the HD and HS-SPME methods, respectively. The major constituents of the hydrodistilled oil were identified as linalool (58.6%), geraniol (17.4%),  n -dodecane (10.9%) and nerol (5.4%), whereas HS-SPME extract was rich in  n -octane (34.0%),  n -decane (25.1%),  p -cymene (11.1%),  γ -terpinene (5.3%) and 1,8-cineole (5.1%).  n -Hexadecanoic acid (32.3%), linalool (16.4%) and geraniol (8.3%) were the main components among 43 constituents identified in hydrodistilled extract of the leaf, representing 99.5% of the total components detected, whereas 16 compounds representing 99.9% of the HS-SPME method were identified, among which  n -decane (32.6%),  p -cymene (14.0%),  n -octane (10.3%), limonene (9.2%),  γ -terpinene (9.1%), 1,8-cineole (7.9%) and  α -pinene (5.9%) were the major ones. Among 23 components comprising 91.2% of the total hydrodistilled oil detected,  n -decane (23.1%),  n -dodecane (14.5%), silphiperfol-4,7(14)-diene (11.1%), selin-11-en-4-a-ol (9.5%),  n -hexadecanoic acid (7.8%) and  n -tetradecane (5.3%) were the main constituents in the root of  E. ilicifolius , whereas 1,8-cineole (29.0%),  n -decane (12.6%),  n -octane (12.6%), camphor (12.0%),  p -cymene (9.6%) and  γ -terpinene (5.9%) were the main components among the 20 constituents characterized in HS-SPME extract, representing 99.9% of the total components detected. The antibacterial activity of the flower, leaf and root oils of  E. ilicifolius  against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was determined using the MIC method. The growth inhibitory zone (mm) was also measured.

royal society open science

Comparative chemical analysis of volatile compounds of <i>Echinops ilicifolius</i> using hydrodistillation and headspace solid-phase microextraction and the antibacterial activities of its essential oil

Comparative chemical analysis of volatile compounds of Echinops ilicifolius using hydrodistillation and headspace solid-phase microextraction and the antibacterial activities of its essential oil