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A novel strategy for combating pathogens is through the ongoing development and use of anti-quorum sensing (QS) treatments such as therapeutic bacteria or their anti-QS substances. Relatively little is known about the bacteria that inhabit the open ocean and of their potential anti-pathogenic attributes; thus, in an initiative to identify these types of therapeutic bacteria, planktonic microbes from the North Atlantic Ocean were collected, isolated, cultured and screened for anti-QS activity. Screening analysis identified one such strain,  Rhizobium  sp. NAO1. Extracts of  Rhizobium  sp. NAO1 were identified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis. They were shown to contain  N -acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-based QS analogues (in particular, the  N -butyryl homoserine lactone (C4-AHL) analogue) and could disrupt biofilm formation by  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  PAO1. QS inhibition was confirmed using confocal scanning laser microscopy and growth curves, and it was shown to occur in a dose-dependent manner without affecting bacterial growth. Secondary metabolites of  Rhizobium  sp. NAO1 inhibited PAO1 pathogenicity by downregulating AHL-mediated virulence factors such as elastase activity and siderophore production. Furthermore, as a result of biofilm structure damage, the secondary metabolite products of  Rhizobium  sp. NAO1 significantly increased the sensitivity of PAO1 to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Our results demonstrated that  Rhizobium  sp. strain NAO1 has the ability to disrupt  P. aeruginosa  PAO1 biofilm architecture, in addition to attenuating  P. aeruginosa  PAO1 virulence factor production and pathogenicity. Therefore, the newly identified ocean-derived  Rhizobium  sp. NAO1 has the potential to serve as a QS inhibitor and may be a new microbial resource for drug development.

Strain identification and quorum sensing inhibition characterization of marine-derived Rhizobium sp. NAO1