Are there statistical links between the direction of European weather systems and ENSO, the solar cycle or stratospheric aerosols?

The Hess Brezowsky Großwetterlagen (HBGWL) European weather classification system, accumulated over a long period (more than 130 years), provides a rare opportunity to examine the impact of various factors on regional atmospheric flow. We have used these data to examine changes in the frequency (days/month) of given weather systems direction (WSD) during peak phases in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), solar cycle (SC) and peaks in stratospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) with superposed epoch analysis and Monte Carlo significance testing. We found highly significant responses to the NAO consistent with expectations: this signal confirmed the utility of the HBGWL data for this type of analysis and provided a benchmark of a clear response. WSD changes associated with ENSO, SC and AOD were generally within the ranges expected from random samples. When seasonal restrictions were added the results were similar, however, we found one clearly significant result: an increase in southerly flow of 2.6±0.8 days/month ( p =1.9×10 −4 ) during boreal summertime in association with El Niño. This result supports the existence of a robust teleconnection between the ENSO and European weather.