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Anomodontia was a highly successful tetrapod clade during the Permian and the Triassic. New morphological information regarding two bizarre basal anomodonts is provided and their palaeoecological significance is explored. The osteology of the recently discovered  Tiarajudens eccentricus  Cisneros  et al . 2011, from the Brazilian Permian, is described in detail. The taxon exhibits unusual postcranial features, including the presence of gastralia. Additional preparation and computed tomography scans of the holotype of  Anomocephalus africanus  Modesto  et al . 1999 discovered in the Karoo Basin of South Africa allow a reappraisal of this genus.  Anomocephalus  is similar to  Tiarajudens  with regard to several traits, including a battery of large, transversally expanded, palatal teeth. Molariform teeth are present in the mandible of the African taxon, providing additional insight into the function of the earliest tooth-occlusion mechanism known in therapsids. At least two waves of tooth replacement can be recognized in the palate of  Anomocephalus . The outsized, blade-like caniniforms of the herbivorous  Tiarajudens  allow several non-exclusive ecological interpretations, among which we favour intraspecific display or combat. This behaviour was an alternative to the head-butting practised by the contemporary dinocephalians. Combat specializations that are considered typical of Cenozoic herbivores likely evolved during the Middle Permian, at the time the first communities with diverse, abundant tetrapod herbivores were being assembled.

royal society open science

<i>Tiarajudens eccentricus</i> and <i>Anomocephalus africanus</i> , two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana

Tiarajudens eccentricus and Anomocephalus africanus , two bizarre anomodonts (Synapsida, Therapsida) with dental occlusion from the Permian of Gondwana