In vivo atomic force microscopy–infrared spectroscopy of bacteria

A new experimental platform for probing nanoscale molecular changes in living bacteria using atomic force microscopy–infrared (AFM–IR) spectroscopy is demonstrated. This near-field technique is eminently suited to the study of single bacterial cells. Here, we report its application to monitor dynamical changes occurring in the cell wall during cell division inStaphylococcus aureus using AFM to demonstrate the division of the cell and AFM–IR to record spectra showing the thickening of the septum. This work was followed by an investigation into single cells, with particular emphasis on cell-wall signatures, in several bacterial species. Specifically, mainly cell wall components fromS. aureus andEscherichia coli containing complex carbohydrate and phosphodiester groups, including peptidoglycans and teichoic acid, could be identified and mapped at nanometre spatial resolution. Principal component analysis of AFM–IR spectra of six living bacterial species enabled the discrimination of Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria based on spectral bands originating mainly from the cell wall components. The ability to monitorin vivo molecular changes during cellular processes in bacteria at the nanoscale opens a new platform to study environmental influences and other factors that affect bacterial chemistry.