Apatite-forming ability of titanium in terms of pH of the exposed solution

In order to elucidate the main factor governing the capacity for apatite formation of titanium (Ti), Ti was exposed to HCl or NaOH solutions with different pH values ranging from approximately 0 to 14 and then heat-treated at 600°C. Apatite formed on the metal surface in a simulated body fluid, when Ti was exposed to solutions with a pH less than 1.1 or higher than 13.6, while no apatite formed upon exposure to solutions with an intermediate pH value. The apatite formation on Ti exposed to strongly acidic or alkaline solutions is attributed to the magnitude of the positive or negative surface charge, respectively, while the absence of apatite formation at an intermediate pH is attributed to its neutral surface charge. The positive or negative surface charge was produced by the effect of either the acidic or alkaline ions on Ti, respectively. It is predicted from the present results that the bone bonding of Ti depends upon the pH of the solution to which it is exposed, i.e. Ti forms a bone-like apatite on its surface in the living body and bonds to living bone through the apatite layer upon heat treatment after exposure to a strongly acidic or alkaline solution.