English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

It was hypothesized that a tight integration of feed-forward and feedback-driven muscle activation with the characteristic intrinsic muscle properties is a key feature of locomotion in challenging environments. In this simulation study it was investigated whether a combination of feed-forward and feedback signals improves hopping stability compared with those simulations with one individual type of activation. In a reduced one-dimensional hopping model with a Hill-type muscle (one contractile element, neither serial nor parallel elastic elements), the level of detail of the muscle's force-length-velocity relation and the type of activation generation (feed-forward, feedback and combination of both) were varied to test their influence on periodic hopping. The stability of the hopping patterns was evaluated by return map analysis. It was found that the combination of feed-forward and proprioceptive feedback improved hopping stability. Furthermore, the nonlinear Hill-type representation of intrinsic muscle properties led to a faster reduction of perturbations than a linear approximation, independent of the type of activation. The results emphasize the ability of organisms to exploit the stabilizing properties of intrinsic muscle characteristics.

Integration of intrinsic muscle properties, feed-forward and feedback signals for generating and stabilizing hopping