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Through the developments in controlling the shape of gold nanoparticles, synthesis of gold nanorods (AuNRs) can be considered as a milestone discovery in the area of nanomaterial-based cancer treatments. Besides having tuneable absorption maxima at near infrared (NIR) range, AuNRs have superior absorption cross section at NIR frequencies compared with other gold nanoparticles. When this unique optical property is combined with the specificity against cancer cells used by affinity tag conjugations, AuNRs become one of the most important nanoparticles used in both cancer cell sensing and in therapy. In this review, the impact of size and shape control of nanoparticles, especially AuNRs, on cancer cell treatments and a range of aptamer-conjugated AuNR applications in this regard are reviewed.

Cancer cell sensing and therapy using affinity tag-conjugated gold nanorods