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Life-history trade-offs are predicted to contribute to the maintenance of personality variation. Individuals with ‘fast’ lifestyles should develop faster, reproduce earlier and exhibit more risky behaviours. Evidence for such predicted links, however, remains equivocal. Here, I test how growth rate, timing of maturation, litter size and maternal effort correlate with exploration, boldness, fearlessness, docility and escape latency. I found several links that were predicted by recent theory while others were against theoretical predictions, e.g. fast-growing individuals were more fearful. Thus, while I found personality to be integrated with life history, I cannot fully support recent hypotheses aiming to explain such behaviour–life-history associations.

Life-history trade-offs: are they linked to personality in a precocial mammal ( Cavia aperea )?