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Voice pitch (fundamental frequency,F 0 ) is a key dimension of our voice that varies between sexes after puberty, and also among individuals of the same sex both before and after puberty. While a recent longitudinal study indicates that inter-individual differences in voice pitch remain stable in men during adulthood and may even be determined before puberty (Fouquetet al. 2016R. Soc. open sci. 3 , 160395. (doi:10.1098/rsos.160395 )), whether these differences emerge in infancy remains unknown. Here, using a longitudinal study design, we investigate the hypothesis that inter-individual differences inF 0 are already present in the cries of pre-verbal babies. While based on a small sample (n = 15), our results indicate that theF 0 of babies' cries at 4 months of age may predict theF 0 of their speech utterances at 5 years of age, explaining 41% of the inter-individual variance in voice pitch at that age in our sample. We also found that the right-hand ratio of the length of their index to ring finger (2D : 4D digit ratio), which has been proposed to constitute an index of prenatal testosterone exposure, was positively correlated withF 0 at both 4 months and 5 years of age. These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of between-individual differences in voice pitch, which convey important biosocial information about speakers, may partly originatein utero and thus already be present soon after birth.

The pitch of babies’ cries predicts their voice pitch at age 5