What drives activation-dependent shifts in the force–length curve?

Skeletal muscles are rarely recruited maximally during movement. However, much of our understanding of muscle properties is based on studies using maximal activation. The effect of activation level on skeletal muscle properties remains poorly understood. Muscle optimum length increases with decreased activation; however, the mechanism responsible is unclear. Here, we attempted to determine whether length-dependent calcium effects, or the effect of absolute force underpin this shift. Fixed-end contractions were performed in frog plantaris muscles at a range of lengths using maximal tetanic (high force, high calcium), submaximal tetanic (low force, high calcium) and twitch (low force, low calcium) stimulation conditions. Peak force and optimum length were determined in each condition. Optimum length increased with decreasing peak force, irrespective of stimulation condition. Assuming calcium concentration varied as predicted, this suggests that absolute force, rather than calcium concentration, underpins the effect of activation level on optimum length. We suggest that the effect of absolute force is due to the varying effect of the internal mechanics of the muscle at different activation levels. These findings have implications for our understanding ofin vivo muscle function and suggest that mechanical interactions within muscle may be important determinants of force at lower levels of activation.