A Practical In Vitro Sperm-Egg Binding Assay That Detects Subfertile Males1

A series of in vitro assays of sperm-egg binding were developed to identify potentially subfertile roosters. Initial assays used either segments of intact hen's egg perivitelline membrane (PVM) placed on a microscope slide or a heat-solubilized extract of PVM (HS-PVM) dried within a flat-bottomed microwell plate, with bound sperm detected with a DNA-specific stain and epifluorescence microscopy. An automated assay was developed using prestained sulfosuccinimidyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetate-HS-PVM and enumeration of bound sperm with a fluorometric microwell plate reader. Four populations of chickens differing in fertility were evaluated with the following results: 1) the correlation across lines between in vitro sperm binding and fertility was 0.83 (N = 40; p < 0.0001); 2) correlations with other seminal parameters were low; and 3) the relationship between sperm binding and fertility was not linear, but a threshold plot allowed identification of males with low binding and low fertility. Motile sperm from roosters, turkeys, bulls, humans, mice, rams, and stallions bound in a dose responsive manner. Features of binding were revealed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Use of this assay to cull males whose semen appears normal by traditional modes of analysis but differs in the obligatory trait of sperm-egg binding could be of value to avoid expensive progeny testing.