Distribution of Baseline Sensitivities to Natural Product Physcion Among Isolates of Sphaerotheca fuliginea and Pseudoperonospora cubensis

The ethanol extract from rhubarb was commercialized in China (Veguard, Physcion, 5 g/liter AS) for control of cucumber powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) and cucumber downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). To provide the basic data for the risk assessment of resistance to this product, physcion was selected to represent the active ingredients to establish baseline sensitivity of powdery mildew and downy mildew populations. For powdery mildew, 262 isolates of S. fuliginea from nine regions and, for downy mildew populations, 116 isolates of P. cubensis from six regions were collected in China during 2004 and 2005 and tested for sensitivity. In addition, the sensitivity of a powdery mildew isolate was monitored for 15 asexual generations under selection pressure with physcion. The results showed that there was no significant difference among regions in the frequency distribution of baseline sensitivity to this ingredient for either cucumber powdery mildew isolates or cucumber downy mildew isolates. Baseline sensitivity was distributed as a normal unimodal curve with a mean median (50%) effective concentration (EC 50 ) of 0.304 μg/ml for powdery mildew population and mean EC 50 of 0.501 μg/ml for downy mildew population. The variation of sensitivity to physcion was low because the range factor (maximum EC 50 /minimum EC 50 of isolates within population) varied from 1.63 to 3.42 among powdery mildew populations and from 1.70 to 2.38 among downy mildew populations. The powdery mildew isolate XZ4 did not decrease sensitivity under the selection pressure of physcion at the dose of EC 70 for 15 generations.