Open AccessAll Hands on Deck—The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity
Author(s) -
Meenu S. Padmanabhan,
Savithramma P. DineshKumar
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
molecular plant-microbe interactions
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.565
H-Index - 153
eISSN - 1943-7706
pISSN - 0894-0282
DOI - 10.1094/mpmi-05-10-0113
Subject(s) - innate immune system , biology , endoplasmic reticulum , microbiology and biotechnology , signal transduction , immune system , receptor , plant immunity , chloroplast , neuroscience , immunology , arabidopsis , genetics , gene , mutant
Plant innate immunity is mediated by cell membrane and intracellular immune receptors that function in distinct and overlapping cell-signaling pathways to activate defense responses. It is becoming increasingly evident that immune receptors rely on components from multiple organelles for the generation of appropriate defense responses. This review analyzes the defense-related functions of the chloroplast, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during plant innate immunity. It details the role of the chloroplasts in synthesizing defense-specific second messengers and discusses the retrograde signal transduction pathways that exist between the chloroplast and nucleus. Because the activities of immune modulators are regulated, in part, by their subcellular localization, the review places special emphasis on the dynamics and nuclear–cytoplasmic transport of immune receptors and regulators and highlights the importance of this process in generating orderly events during an innate immune response. The review also covers the recently discovered contributions of the ER quality-control pathways in ensuring the signaling competency of cell surface immune receptors or immune regulators.