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We determined if callose formation in 1-cm-long root apices of European chestnut ( Castanea sativa  Mill.) seedlings is affected by naturally occurring high concentrations of aluminum (Al) under laboratory conditions and by low base saturation (BS) of soils under forest field conditions. Under controlled conditions in the laboratory, seedlings were treated with simulated soil solutions in the presence or absence (control) of Al. One day after exposing seedlings to a simulated soil solution containing 168 μM Al, callose formation in the root apices had increased significantly. After 7 days, callose concentration in root apices was significantly correlated with the concentration of free Al 3+  ions recovered in the simulated soil solution and with the concentration of Al in fine roots. At four field sites in southern Switzerland, seedlings were grown for five months in either A-horizon soil with a BS above 17% or in a B-horizon soil with a BS below 5%. Callose concentrations were significantly higher in root apices in the B horizon than in the A horizon. Callose concentrations in root apices were negatively correlated with Ca/Al molar ratio in fine roots. We conclude that callose in the root apices of European chestnut could be a useful physiological parameter for assessing Al toxicity under both laboratory and field conditions.

Callose in root apices of European chestnut seedlings: a physiological indicator of aluminum stress