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Loss of tumor suppressor function dramatically alters the cellular response to chemicals. The phorbol ester tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), stimulates cell proliferation through rapid activation of protein kinase C (PKC), followed by gradual degradation of the kinase. TPA also activates the GTPase Rap1 in some cell types. The tumor suppressor protein Tsc2 has a proposed GTPase activating protein (GAP) function for Rap1, providing a common mechanistic target for Tsc2 and TPA. We compared the cellular response of Tsc2-null (ERC-18) and Tsc2-competent (NRK-52E) renal epithelial cells to TPA treatment. Treatment of ERC-18 cells with 100 ng/ml TPA for 24 h resulted in loss of cell-cell contact, retraction of the cell periphery and rounding. These changes were reversed 1 h after treatment in NRK-52E cells and were apparent 24 h after treatment of ERC-18 cells. Expression of Tsc2 in ERC-18 cells abrogated the prolonged morphologic response. TPA treatment rapidly increased phosphorylation of ERK, a reported downstream effector of both PKC and Rap1, in ERC-18 cells, but induced weak Rap1 activation. TPA-induced ERK phosphorylation was prolonged in ERC-18 cells compared to NRK-52E cells and expression of Tsc2 in ERC-18 cells did not inhibit prolonged ERK activation. The selective PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide VIII, however, inhibited TPA-induced changes in morphology and ERK activation. These results imply that TPA-induced changes in morphology and ERK activation are mediated primarily through PKC and not Rap1 in renal epithelial cells. These data also imply that Tsc2 expression modulates TPA-induced changes in renal epithelial cell morphology via an ERK-independent mechanism.

toxicological sciences

The Tumor Promoter 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) Provokes a Prolonged Morphologic Response and ERK Activation in Tsc2-Null Renal Tumor Cells