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The robust transcriptional plasticity of liver mediated through xenobiotic receptors underlies its ability to respond rapidly and effectively to diverse chemical stressors. Thus, drug-induced gene expression changes in liver serve not only as biomarkers of liver injury, but also as mechanistic sentinels of adaptation in metabolism, detoxification, and tissue protection from chemicals. Modern RNA sequencing methods offer an unmatched opportunity to quantitatively monitor these processes in parallel and to contextualize the spectrum of dose-dependent stress, adaptation, protection, and injury responses induced in liver by drug treatments. Using this approach, we profiled the transcriptional changes in rat liver following daily oral administration of 120 different compounds, many of which are known to be associated with clinical risk for drug-induced liver injury by diverse mechanisms. Clustering, correlation, and linear modeling analyses were used to identify and optimize coexpressed gene signatures modulated by drug treatment. Here, we specifically focused on prioritizing 9 key signatures for their pragmatic utility for routine monitoring in initial rat tolerability studies just prior to entering drug development. These signatures are associated with 5 canonical xenobiotic nuclear receptors (AHR, CAR, PXR, PPARα, ER), 3 mediators of reactive metabolite-mediated stress responses (NRF2, NRF1, P53), and 1 liver response following activation of the innate immune response. Comparing paradigm chemical inducers of each receptor to the other compounds surveyed enabled us to identify sets of optimized gene expression panels and associated scoring algorithms proposed as quantitative mechanistic biomarkers with high sensitivity, specificity, and quantitative accuracy. These findings were further qualified using public datasets, Open TG-GATEs and DrugMatrix, and internal development compounds. With broader collaboration and additional qualification, the quantitative toxicogenomic framework described here could inform candidate selection prior to committing to drug development, as well as complement and provide a deeper understanding of the conventional toxicology study endpoints used later in drug development.

Quantitative Transcriptional Biomarkers of Xenobiotic Receptor Activation in Rat Liver for the Early Assessment of Drug Safety Liabilities