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Study Objectives Insomnia is a common sleep disorder and constitutes a major issue in modern society. We provide new clues for revealing the association between environmental chemicals and insomnia. Methods Three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary datasets of insomnia (n = 113,006, n = 1,331,010, and n = 453,379, respectively) were driven from the UK Biobank, 23andMe, and deCODE. The chemical–gene interaction dataset was downloaded from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. First, we conducted a meta-analysis of the three datasets of insomnia using the METAL software. Using the result of meta-analysis, transcriptome-wide association studies were performed to calculate the expression association testing statistics of insomnia. Then chemical-related gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the association between chemicals and insomnia. Results For GWAS meta-analysis dataset of insomnia, we identified 42 chemicals associated with insomnia in brain tissue (p &amp;lt; 0.05) by GSEA. We detected five important chemicals such as pinosylvin (p = 0.0128), bromobenzene (p = 0.0134), clonidine (p = 0.0372), gabapentin (p = 0.0372), and melatonin (p = 0.0404) which are directly associated with insomnia. Conclusion Our study results provide new clues for revealing the roles of environmental chemicals in the development of insomnia.

Identifying insomnia-related chemicals through integrative analysis of genome-wide association studies and chemical–genes interaction information