Empirical Evidence for “Syndrome Z”: A Hierarchical 5-Factor Model of the Metabolic Syndrome Incorporating Sleep Disturbance Measures | Zendy

Nora L. Nock | Zendy; Li Li | Zendy; Emma K. Larkin | Zendy; Sanjay R. Patel | Zendy; Susan Redline | Zendy

Open Access

Empirical Evidence for “Syndrome Z”: A Hierarchical 5-Factor Model of the Metabolic Syndrome Incorporating Sleep Disturbance Measures

Author(s) -

Nora L. Nock,

Li Li,

Emma K. Larkin,

Sanjay R. Patel,

Susan Redline

Publication year - 2009

Publication title -

sleep

Language(s) - English

Resource type - Journals

SCImago Journal Rank - 2.222

H-Index - 207

eISSN - 1550-9109

pISSN - 0161-8105

DOI - 10.1093/sleep/32.5.615

Subject(s) - metabolic syndrome , sleep disorder , obstructive sleep apnea , respiratory disturbance index , hypopnea , dyslipidemia , sleep apnea , arousal , sleep (system call) , obesity , insulin resistance , medicine , slow wave sleep , polysomnography , endocrinology , psychology , apnea , insomnia , psychiatry , neuroscience , electroencephalography , operating system , computer science

Sleep disturbances have been associated with individual components of the metabolic syndrome ("syndrome X"), and, although the concept has been proposed, it is not known whether sleep disturbances actually cluster with features of the metabolic syndrome to produce a unifying trait, "syndrome Z". Therefore, we evaluated a second-order factor model, whereby syndrome Z was described by 5 first-order factors--insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and sleep disturbance--with the sleep disturbance factor defined using the apnea-hypopnea index, arousal index, percentage of sleep time with oxygen saturation less than 90%, and percentage of slow wave sleep.

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