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Following the theory of a farm household model, the relations between farm and farmer characteristics, including two different kinds of direct payments, and their effects on the off-farm labour allocation decisions of farm operators were analysed. Swiss farm accountancy data network (FADN) data of the years 2017, 2018, and 2019 for the whole sample and two different income groups were used to model both off-farm labour participation and supply decisions. The results show that diversification into off-farm employment is a highly relevant strategy of Swiss farmers and that direct payments are a complementary income source. Above a certain level, biodiversity payments show a substitution effect, meaning that off-farm participation is reduced. Off-farm labour supply is related not to direct payments but to production type and technology, with dairy and organic farmers having spent fewer days engaging in off-farm employment. Education positively correlates to off-farm labour participation. Even though off-farm income and direct payments are an indispensable income source for Swiss farmers, income-related policy goals cannot be considered achieved in terms of either farm or household income. Whether public money would be better spent on education than on unprofitable farm businesses should be analysed in future studies.

Off-farm income and direct payments—an indispensable diversification strategy of Swiss farmers