Effect of Drug Disposal Kits and Fact Sheets on Elimination of Leftover Prescription Opioids: The DISPOSE Multi-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To determine how passively providing informational handouts and/or drug disposal kits affects rates of leftover prescription opioid disposal. Design A multi-arm parallel-group randomized controlled trial with masked outcome assessment and computer-guided randomization. Setting Johns Hopkins Health System outpatient pharmacies. Subjects Individuals who filled ≥1 short-term prescription for an immediate-release opioid for themselves or a family member. Methods In June 2019, 499 individuals were randomized to receive an informational handout detailing U.S. Food and Drug Administration–recommended ways to properly dispose of leftover opioids (n = 188), the informational handout and a drug disposal kit with instructions on its use (n = 170), or no intervention (n = 141) at prescription pickup. Subjects were subsequently contacted by telephone, and outcomes were assessed by a standardized survey. The primary outcome was the use of a safe opioid disposal method. Results By 6 weeks after prescription pickup, 227 eligible individuals reported they had stopped taking prescription opioids to treat pain and had leftover medication. No difference in safe disposal was observed between the non-intervention group (10% [6/63]) and the group that received disposal kits (14% [10/73]) (risk ratio = 1.44; 95% confidence interval: 0.55 to 3.74) or the group that received a fact sheet (11% [10/91]) (risk ratio = 1.15; 95% confidence interval: 0.44 to 3.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that passive provision of a drug disposal kit at prescription pickup did not increase rates of leftover opioid disposal when compared with provision of a fact sheet alone or no intervention. Active interventions may deserve further investigation.