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Background    Mycobacterium tuberculosis  is the leading cause of bloodstream infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients with sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with high mortality rates.    Methods  We conducted a retrospective study of HIV-infected adults with sepsis at the Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda to measure the proportion who received antituberculosis therapy and to determine the relationship between antituberculosis therapy and 28-day survival.    Results  Of the 149 patients evaluated, 74 (50%) had severe sepsis and 48 (32%) died. Of the 55 patients (37%) who received antituberculosis therapy, 19 (35%) died, compared with 29 of 94 (31%) who did not receive such therapy (odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], .56–3.18;  P  = .64). The 28-day survival rates did not differ significantly between these 2 groups (log-rank test,  P  = .21). Among the 74 patients with severe sepsis, 9 of 26 (35%) who received antituberculosis therapy died, versus 23 of 48 (48%) who did not receive such therapy (odds ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, .21–1.52;  P  = .27). In patients with severe sepsis, antituberculosis therapy was associated with an improved 28-day survival rate (log-rank test  P  = .01), and with a reduced mortality rate in a Cox proportional hazards model (hazard ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, .13–.80;  P  = .03).    Conclusions  Empiric antituberculosis therapy was associated with improved survival rates among patients with severe sepsis, but not among all patients with sepsis.

open forum infectious diseases

Effect of Empiric Anti–Mycobacterium tuberculosis Therapy on Survival Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Adults Admitted With Sepsis to a Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda